Neurosurgery or neurological surgery, known in common parlance as brain surgery, is the medical speciality associated with the prevention, diagnosis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders that affect any part of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, central and peripheral nervous system.

It diagnoses and treats patients with injury disorders of the brain, spinal cord and spinal column, and peripheral nerves within all parts of the body. The speciality of neurosurgical care includes both adult and pediatric patients.

Dependent upon the nature of the injury or disease a neurological surgeon may provide surgical and/or non-surgical treatment.